My middle school students frequently ask me “Is this right?” or “What should I do now?” How can I help them become more self-reliant?
Jocelyn, Georgia

I observed a seventh grade teacher at the beginning of a unit as he displayed the learning goals and asked the students to write them in their notebooks. He then asked students to add to the list, with prompts such as “I’d like to know more about…” or “I want to learn how to…” He displayed a separate list of these personal goals and referred to them throughout the unit. “Did we address your goal yet?” “Did you change your goal? Add a goal?” “What else do we need to do?” He encouraged them to self-assess and reflect on their learning of the class goals as well as their personal ones. These self-assessment and reflective activities gave students ownership in the unit, and he provided extra time in class to pursue their personal goals.

Self-assessment is more than students correcting their own papers. When students engage in self-assessment, they reflect on the results of their efforts and their progress toward meeting the learning goals. They look at their own work for evidence of quality, using established criteria on the rubrics.

Students don’t necessarily come to class with this skill, especially if their previous experiences have been environments in which the teacher did all of the assessment. They may initially think that an assignment (such as a lab report or project) is good simply because they spent a lot of time on it, they enjoyed it, or they worked very hard on it.

Students may need to learn strategies for self-assessment through examples and modeling.

Guide students through the process of comparing a piece of (unnamed) student  work to the rubric. You may have to do this several times before students feel comfortable critiquing their own work.

There are many types of activities that can be used as self-assessment strategies. Some double as formative assessment strategies, but in this case, students are using them to monitor their own progress:

• At the beginning of the unit, give each student a copy of the learning goals and a list of ways they can demonstrate their learning of each. Show students how to monitor their progress by checking off goals as they are met.
• Using thumbs up/down and exit tickets students can express the status of their learning and indicate topics on which they are still confused.
• Student reflections are often included in science notebooks. Your modeling and guidance is important. Show students how you would reflect on your own learning.
• I learned that…
• I learned how to…
• I need to learn more about…
• For projects, give each student a copy of the rubric when the assignment is given. Ask them to fill it out and submit it with the project. There could also be a place on the rubric for students to reflect on their projects with prompts such as
  • This is a quality project because…
  • From doing this project I learned…
  • To make this project better, I could…
  • Our study team could have improved our work by…

Honest self-assessment and reflection are difficult processes, even for adults. But they are valuable tools for developing lifelong learners.

Photo: http://www.flickr.com/photos/rongyos/2686415336/

Are you attending the NSTA conference in Indianapolis this spring?  At this point, you should be registering, making arrangements for lodging and transportation, and thinking about your lesson plans for the substitute (if you haven’t done so already).

If this the first time you’ve attended the national conference, it can be overwhelming at first. Here are some suggestions, updated from last year’s blog:

Consider attending the first-timers session on the first day. This year, Dr. Christine Royce is hosting the session Conference Tips for First-Timers on Thursday, March 29 3:30–4:30 PM  in the JW Marriott Indianapolis, JW Grand Ballroom 5. It’s worth the time.

There are a few other things you should do before you go:

• Add the NSTA Conference page to your bookmarks or favorites. Be sure to check out the Conference Newcomer’s page.
• Decide what you’d like to focus on at the conference: What content do you want to know more about? What topics do your students struggle with? Are you looking for new digital resources, textbooks, or equipment? Get suggestions from your colleagues, too. Ask your students what you should learn more about (related to science, of course!). Then go to the conference website and use the Session Browser/Scheduler to look at the session descriptions. You can  print out a personal schedule or add the session information to your smart phone calendar (mine is getting full already). Pick a few sessions for each timeslot, in case the rooms are full.
• Preview the Conference Transcript section on the conference site. When you turn in a session evaluation, the session will be added automatically to your transcript. You can also add events manually. This is a great way to show your administrators which sessions you attended—my principal was always impressed.

Read more suggestions on what to take and what to do.

Some hints on what to take:

• An empty bag—preferably one with wheels—if you know you can’t resist picking up every brochure, handout, and session material you encounter (resistance can be futile), although many presenters are now posting their handouts online.
• Address labels are handy for sign-up sheets and marking your program and other materials.
• If you don’t have any business cards, get some or make your own. Be sure to include your e-mail address and what and where you teach. These are great to handout when you’re networking with other teachers, presenters, and exhibitors.
• A digital camera or cellphone camera is handy to take pictures of equipment, displays, speakers, and new friends.
• Have an envelope or other system for keeping receipts and other documents. Expenses not reimbursed by your school might be tax-deductible (check with your accountant).
• Chargers or other adapters for your electronic devices.
• Above all, take comfortable walking shoes and be prepared for the Indianapolis weather!

At the Conference:

• Pick up your badge holder, your copy of the program (there’s one for each day) and other conference materials ahead of time, if possible. Take some time to finalize your daily schedules. I like to put a small reminder in my badge holder with the session names, times, and locations. You can also stash a few of your business cards in your badge holder, making it easier to hand them out to new contacts. Keep your smart phone handy if you’ve created a calendar on it.
• Turn in the session evaluations so they can be added to your transcript.
• Get to the sessions early. Sometimes the smaller rooms fill up quickly. Have a back-up session in mind in case the room is full.
• Divide and conquer if you’re attending with friends or colleagues. You can only be at one place at a time, so coordinate with other teachers on what to attend and how to share notes and materials from sessions.
• Consider taking some snacks and a water bottle (the concessions are often crowded at lunch time).
• It’s tempting to collect every brochure, poster, and promotional giveaway in the exhibit area. It’s like a science wonderland! But whatever you collect, you’ll have to get home somehow. I know teachers who take an empty bag (see above under things to take) they can check on the way home (or you can ship things home via a delivery service).
• Take some time for sightseeing, especially if this is your first trip to Indianapolis. There will be a booth at registration staffed by local teachers. They’ll have lots of ideas and suggestions for what to see and do and where to eat. I’ve never been to Indianapolis, so I’m looking forward to learning more about it.
• Keep a log or journal of the sessions you attended, people you met, and new ideas. Update your homepage, Facebook, tweets, or class Wiki/blog with a summary of what you are learning at the conference. I’ve even seen teachers Skyping back to their students!
• Update your conference transcript.
• Put your cell phone on mute during sessions.
• Introduce yourself to teachers at the sessions or events. You’ll meet lots of interesting people and make many new personal connections. Although it’s important to keep up with your colleagues via texts/tweets/email, take the opportunity to actually talk to the teachers in line with you or sitting next to you at a session. The value of a face-to-face conference is meeting and interacting with real people, and teachers are the most interesting people of all.
• Attend a session or two on a topic you know nothing about. It’s a good way to learn something new.

Back Home:

• Share your experiences with your students. Use some of the promotional items you collected as prizes or gifts.
• Organize and file your notes and handouts. Share the materials and what you learned with your colleagues.
• Send a note of appreciation to the administrator who approved your attendance at the conference. Write a brief article for the school or district newsletter, if appropriate.
• Print your transcript.
• Get ready for next year!

Does anybody else have tips for conference newbies? Please leave a comment.

Our school is facing a budget crunch. Each department was asked for suggestions for cost-saving measures. Do you have any suggestions the science department can add to the list?
— Brenda, New York

It’s heartbreaking (or outrageous, depending on one’s point of view) to see teachers and administrators expected to provide more services with fewer financial resources. I know of several public schools that are even asking parents to donate classroom supplies. This imposes a burden, especially in times when many families also are struggling at home. I’m sure you and your colleagues are thrifty, but I’ve talked with some colleagues for suggestions to supplement your efforts.

• Determine which activities are essential for student understanding.  Make these your non-negotiables—activities that justify the expenses related to them. You also cannot skimp on expenses related to student safety and the safe storage or handling of materials and equipment.
• Prioritize the rest of your requests. For example, you may decide that elaborate decorations aren’t necessary. The classroom could be just as attractive with student work on the display boards or with interesting objects students bring in to share.
• Show your principal or business manager the price of consumables (such as cotton swabs or batteries) in science catalogs compared to the prices at local discount stores. Perhaps a procedure could be established for reimbursing bargain-hunting teachers for purchases of these discounted supplies. (Save your receipts, even if you are not reimbursed. You may be able to deduct out-of-pocket expenses as a teacher.)
• During labs, put out smaller amounts of materials and consider microscale activities. Rather than laminating handouts, use reusable plastic sheet protectors. Be sure students are accountable for materials used in lab activities. Place a list in each group’s box or at each lab station so all materials are returned (tools, reference materials, glassware, and so on). Simulations are not the same as the real experience, but perhaps there are some activities for which they could be substituted.

Paper and copying can be a place to scale back.

• Before going to the copier, consider the value of the assignment. Is a find-a-word puzzle or other busywork worth the paper and the duplicating costs? Other types of vocabulary work such as word splashes or graphic organizers are more beneficial (and use less paper).
• Post newsletters and announcements on the school’s website or other electronic sources.
• Put a box in the classroom to save paper that has a blank side. Cut the paper into halves or quarters for quizzes, exit slips, or practice activities.
• If you teach more than one section of a subject, consider whether it’s necessary to give each student a copy of a multi-page test. Could you make a class set of tests (double-sided) and have the students use separate answer sheets? (This might not be appropriate for younger students.)
• Post your handouts on your webpage so that if students lose them, they can print them at home.
• Have students complete assignments (notes, lab reports, diagrams, etc.) in their science notebooks rather on duplicated handouts.
• If students have access to laptops and the internet, consider Web 2.0 tools for paperless collaboration. (e.g., Livebinders for portfolios, lino for brainstorming, or Edmodo for communicating)

Ask students for suggestions! They may come up with some good ideas that give them ownership in the process. (Keep your sense of humor—my students had suggestions such as Save paper with shorter tests or Save water by not making us wash our hands before lunch.)

Professional development (PD) often is on the budget chopping block, but it’s more important than ever. Rather than listing a series of unrelated events, be sure your activities all connect with your identified goals. Suggest PD activities that are free or have minimal costs: teacher-directed study groups, blogging, action research projects, independent study, presentations by your own teachers, online courses (such as those offered by NSTA), events at nearby museums or science centers, and online collaborations via discussion groups, tweetchats, videoconferencing, or networking sites.

None of these suggestions will save huge amounts of money. However, many of the suggestions may also lead to greener classrooms with less waste.

For more ideas:

Science on a Shoestring—The Science Teacher, July 2011
Professional Development—Science & Children, July 2010
Professional Development on a Shoestring – Ms Mentor, March 2009
NSTA’s Frugal Science Teacher books

Photo: http://www.flickr.com/photos/68751915@N05/6736170827/sizes/l/in/photostream/

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The other evening, as I was out walking, I noticed that the moon seemed exceptionally bright. I took out my binoculars and spent a few minutes gazing at the craters on the full moon. What a sight! Learning about and appreciating the relationship between the Earth, Sun, and Moon can be a lifelong interest. The elementary years are the first (and, unfortunately for many students, the last) school-based experiences they have with the topic.

Seeing the Moon focuses on the most famous features of our moon—the craters. The article includes an activity that simulates impact craters. The formative assessment probe described in The Daytime Moon uncovers student misconceptions about the moon and would be a good introduction to a unit on the moon. [SciLinks: Moon Phases]

What Causes the Tides? As a SciLinks reviewer, one of the first sites I reviewed (and declined) stated that tides come in the morning and go out in the evening. It’s not hard to understand how people who have never experiences tidal activity can develop misconceptions or incomplete understandings. This article is a quick primer on this phenomenon. While you’re on the subject of gravity, Gravity and Weight has two activities to help students explore the concept. [SciLinks: Tides, Gravity]

Shadows are fascinating to students and are related to the position of the Sun. Shadow Play describes a unit of study in which students investigated the relationship between shadows and seasons. The activities make use of the Starry Night software, but other Internet resources are suggested (such as the Stelllarium website). Child’s Play also has an activity related to shadows. [SciLinks: Light]

Can 4th-graders take on an engineering project? The students in the article Landing Safely on Mars did just that as they built models of Mars landers. This was not the typical craft stick model—the twist here was that the “landers” were dropped off the school roof to the ground below. Would the contents survive the “landing?” The activity also included connections to language arts as students wrote about their designs and created their own nonfiction books on the topic.  [SciLinks: Exploring Mars]

Collegiality and Better Science Teaching describes the implementation of a professional learning community and how one could be started elsewhere. If your PLC is interested in resources for teaching Earth and space science, Reach for the Stars! describes the resources that NSTA and NASA have for background knowledge and professional development on the topic.

Is a Mealworm Really a Worm? describes a model for a scaffolding process for science notebooks with younger students (Inquiry-Modeling-Sharing-Collaborative-Independent). I liked the checklist that documents the progression the students make on key organization skills tracked over several weeks. What would this model look like for other science topics? [SciLinks: Metamorphosis, Insects]

In her Early Years blog, Peggy Ashbrook has additional thoughts and resources on the topic. And check out more Connections for this issue (January 2012). Even if the article does not quite fit with your lesson agenda, there are ideas for handouts, background information sheets, data sheets, rubrics, and other resources.

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Along with this month’s Science Teacher, the articles in this issue focus on reading and writing in science. Science teachers are the best ones to guide students in these literacy processes, given the content and structure of science text and science writing. The theme that seems to run through this issue is the importance of guidance and modeling.

Reading science text (whether a book or online) can be difficult for students, with advanced vocabulary and a style different from stories and novels. If your students have difficulty comprehending science text, Shake It Up With Reading has suggestions for reading strategies such as questioning the text. The Science Text for All: Using Textmasters to Help All Students Access Written Science Content shows how cooperative “literature circles” (often used in language arts or reading classes) can be adapted for science reading. Both articles have examples of rubrics and guides for students. [SciLinks: Earthquakes]

Science text also includes graphics and visuals. Teaching with Visuals in the Science Classroom differentiates between decorative visuals and those that convey information. The author lists seven suggestions for helping students process this information. Vocabulary is another challenge in reading science text. Jump-Start Your Middle School Students’ Background Knowledge and Vocabulary Skills introduces us to “jump pages,” online collections of resources on a topic created by teachers (or students). Each “card” focuses on a topic with links to videos, PowerPoint presentations, web pages, or word documents and assessments related to the topic. The authors provide directions and rubrics. [SciLinks: Current Electricity, Magnetism] The online tools Museum Box or Glogster could be used in this way, although Internet access and logins are necessary for these.

Sometimes we expect middle schoolers to know more than they actually do. They need guidance and modeling in writing, too, as described in Getting Past “Just Because.” The article describes how the authors implemented a CER (claim-evidence-reasoning) process to help students write informative text. NOT Another Lab Report has suggestions for guiding students in documenting their investigations. And as the author of Using “Brags and Whines” as a Creative Writing Technique notes, science writing can tap into student creativity. These articles have rubrics to show how writing can be assessed (with a focus on understanding, reasoning, and evidence rather than spelling and mechanics).

Do you keep a journal–a diary, lifelist, field notes, or scrapbook? Nature Journaling shows how students can get hooked on writing while fine-tuning skills such as observing and noting details. Even the schoolyard can be a place for nature journaling, and the authors provide examples of student work. And students might enjoy seeing your journal, too.

Are you planning a field trip for this year? Transforming a Field Trip into an Expedition can help you and your students go beyond the traditional scavenger hunt. The author describes activities before, during, and after the trip that turns a “day off” into an investigation, including a student question guide and rubric.

Nuclear Energy has a description of this source of energy, including a timeline and a discussion of pros and cons of these power plants. The article is just in time for National Nuclear Science Week, January 24–28. NSTA is hosting a special live web seminar from the Illinois Institute of Technology on January 25 with scientists and national experts from the medical, energy, and research fields who will lead the discussion. For more information and to register, click here. [SciLinks: Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Reactors]

Check out the Connections for this issue (January 2012). Even if the article does not quite fit with your lesson agenda, this resource has ideas for handouts, background information sheets, data sheets, rubrics, etc.

During class, students seem to understand the concepts. However, they don’t do well on the tests. I offer extra help before and after school and at lunch, but few students take advantage of it. I’m a first-year biology teacher, so I’d appreciate some suggestions on how to encourage students to ask questions or seek help when they need it.
— Alisa, Boston, MA

It sounds like your question has several components. First of all, how do you know your students understand the lesson concepts? Teachers often say “Any questions? Good.” When there are no questions, the teacher assumes that everyone understands. Try to provide a context or focus, such as “Any questions about the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?” And then wait a few seconds for students to think about their learning and formulate their questions. Frequent formative assessments—bellringers, “ticket out the door,” brief quizzes, responses via clickers or white boards, thumbs up—may also help students to reflect on what they know or don’t know and give you some concrete feedback on their understanding during each lesson.

When can your students get extra help? It’s hard for students who ride busses to come in early or stay late. Many students are involved in extracurricular activities or have afterschool responsibilities. And it’s hard to blame students for not wanting to give up lunch, often the only chance they have to socialize or relax. Some teachers have virtual “office hours” in the evenings or on weekends to provide assistance via e-mail or a discussion forum. But as today’s students seem to prefer social media to e-mail, you could take advantage of this interest. For example, even though Edmodo looks like Facebook, it’s a microblogging site that a teacher can set up for students to collaborate, ask questions, and share resources. Teachers can also post their own resources such as quizzes or study guides. It’s accessible 24-7 via computers or smartphone apps. The teacher can moderate the site and delete inappropriate posts.

The class period may be the only time you can interact with students. Is your classroom a “safe” place for them to ask questions? Do students know how to ask for assistance? Is asking considered a sign of weakness? Are students embarrassed to ask questions? No matter how trivial the question or comment, never belittle it, reply with sarcasm, or allow other students to laugh at it.

After you’ve gone over directions for an activity, it’s frustrating when students raise their hands and ask, “What are we supposed to do?” If you say “I already told you. Figure it out,” students may assume that other kinds of questions will get the same response. Model how to refer to the printed directions or how to ask a partner.

It may also be helpful to model the type of questions students could ask related to understanding: “Could you please explain that again?” “I don’t understand… Does this mean that” “But what about…” “What would happen if… ”

If you notice more than one or two students have the same question during an activity, offer some “group therapy:” meet with a small group of students to go over the concept or procedures. If you find all of the groups are struggling with a concept or procedure, have a brief mini-meeting to review.

Teachers need to walk a fine line between being helpful and taking over a student’s thinking. Some students become dependent on teachers, constantly asking questions for verification (“Is this correct?” “Am I doing this right?”) Show them how to refer to the rubric or to the directions to help them develop initiative and independence.

As a student, I enjoyed figuring out something for myself. I became annoyed with teachers who hovered over my shoulder, asking if I needed help. You’ll have to determine when students really need help and when they need time to think through a problem themselves. I had a student who constantly asked questions in a soft voice. I thought at first he needed my help, but it turned out that he was thinking out loud. We made a deal—if he did indeed require some help, he would raise his hand. Otherwise, I left him alone with his thoughts.

In the classroom, teachers are usually the ones asking the questions. I’m glad you’re trying to foster students as questioners.

Photo: http://www.flickr.com/photos/rongyos/2686415336/

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There is much in the literature about the importance of reading in science, not just pronouncing or decoding words but comprehending informational text. Unlike what students might see in a reading or English class, science resources are not usually written in a story-telling style. Science text often uses headings, subheadings, abstracts, summaries, sidebars, footnotes, specialized vocabulary, and graphics. Students may not realize reading science text can be a slower process than reading a novel or story, and rereading a section is appropriate and even encouraged. Likewise, writing in science is usually purposeful and informative.

This issue of The Science Teacher examines topics related to literacy: reading, writing, information literacy, visual literacy, and data literacy. [SciLinks: Reading and writing in science] You may want to supplement this issue by reading the January Science Scope: Science and the Common Core Language Arts Standards

If a secondary student cannot decode words, there is certainly a need for intervention by reading specialists. But helping students develop strategies to comprehend text material is an important job of all content teachers, science included. I wonder if many secondary students’ reading “problems” are, in reality, a lack of guidance and experience in interacting with informational text. Reading to Learn describes some strategies for helping students make sense of informational text, including annotation and double (or triple) entry journals. The authors suggest making copies of text so that students can mark them up, since in most schools writing in the textbook is not permitted. (I wonder about the expense of duplicating). I’ve seen online textbooks with the capability for highlighting and creating sidebar notes or questions. The students were truly interacting with the text. The teacher I observed did a great job of modeling how to render the text by doing a think-aloud as he read the text and annotated it.

Writing and Science Literacy has suggestions for writing in categories such as technical writing (notebooks and lab reports) and has a protocol for lab notebooks. But it’s interesting to see that the authors also include creative writing as an option in science classes (including cartoons and poems). I visited a biology class where the teacher asked the students to post a haiku about the lesson on the class blog site. Even though a haiku is a very structured form of poetry, the students’ creative responses were enjoyable to read and showed their ability to recast their learning in a different format. I’m also a fan of cinquain poems, acrostics, and three-words (similar to a morning TV show’s feature). Environmental Science Lab Reports outlines  the components of a report that could be generalized to other sciences. Rather than a traditional “book report,” the author of Reading, Writing, and Physics outlines a project in which students use journaling to respond to a book.

The authors of The Way They Want to Learn suggest that technology has a role in building student literacies and communication skills. They describe several Web 2.0 tools that students can use to create visual concept maps (CMAP), graphic organizers (Webspiration) presentations (Prezi), and graphic displays (Tagxedo, VoiceThread, Museum Box). But don’t worry if you’re not familiar with these—students can be very good at figuring things out if you give them the opportunity.

“But I read it on the Internet!” Students may naively think that all Internets sources are created equal. Climbing the Pyramid describes an activity in which students create a hierarchy as they evaluate science news sources to become informed critical readers (and viewers). This would be a good article/activity to share with your school librarian. (Isn’t it ironic that as information literacy becomes an even more important issue, schools are laying off the library staff—the people who are trained to assist students and teachers? Hmmm.) In addition to reading the news, students can apply their literacy skills by writing news articles, using the ideas in Science Journalism.

Using Online Data has many resources at the end for the analysis and interpretation of data, including NOAA and USGS. [And in SciLinks, you can search for sites on a given topic that include data sets to manipulate].

My students are asking for “extra credit” work. I’m having second thoughts about doing this, especially since it seems that students wait until the end of the marking period to ask. Is there a good rationale for giving (or not giving) extra credit work?
—Wayne, Kansas City, Missouri

“Extra credit” seems to be part of school vocabulary. When students don’t complete assignments, don’t do well on tests, or are seeking a higher grade, they (or their parents) ask the teacher for additional assignments or activities.

I suspect this is more common in classes where the students’ grades are based on accumulating points. Students may view class assignments or tests in terms of earning these points. Teachers may reinforce this notion with statements such as  “You’re 10 points away from a passing grade” or “Three more points and you’ll have an A+!”

Let’s assume your class activities and assignments such as lab reports, notebooks, or projects align with the unit or lesson learning goals and students are evaluated on the extent to which they meet those goals. It doesn’t seem to be productive to have a student who has not achieved the learning goals or who has not met the course requirements do an unrelated task just to “pull up a grade.” These tasks require time on the part of the teacher to create and assess. Ask yourself if activities such as reading and summarizing an article, completing puzzle sheets, or doing an extra book report allow the students the opportunity to demonstrate their understanding of a concept.

In previous years, your students may also have been awarded extra points for tasks or behaviors that have little or no relation to learning goals: bringing in classroom supplies, assisting with chores such as cleaning glassware, putting up a teacher-created bulletin board, participating in nonacademic events at school, or their parents attending an open house. These are good activities, but it would be hard to align them with learning goals in science.

The bottom line: Can (or should) students earn a passing grade by doing activities not directly related to the learning goals? Should exemplary grades reflect an advanced level of academic performance or the completion of extra busywork?

If you have students who do not turn in assignments (such as lab reports) and then ask for extra credit, perhaps you should allow them to turn in the original assignments. If a student had a poor test performance, you could offer a retake or an alternative that shows the student has met the learning goals, at least at a minimum level. If projects do not meet the requirements, have the student review the rubric and make revisions.

I know teachers who provide students with a list of the unit’s learning goals and several options or alternatives for each to demonstrate their learning. Having choices can give students more ownership of the learning process and capitalize on their interests. The literature on differentiation has many suggestions, such as choice boards or alternate assessments (NSTA journals have had many articles on the idea of differentiation. Click here to see a few of them. Also check the work of Carol Ann Tomlinson).

Another response would be to put the responsibility back on the students: “These are the learning goals for the lesson/unit. How will you demonstrate you have accomplished them?” If the students give you a blank stare, you could offer suggestions. However, you might be surprised at what some students come up with. Their ideas can become alternative activities in the following year.

Some students who are interested in a topic may ask for opportunities to expand their knowledge, with no thought of earning extra points. (Pinch yourself to make sure you’re not dreaming!) Encourage them to pursue their interests, especially those that relate science to other subjects or personal interests. For example, a student in my life science class was interested in finding words relating to arthropods that had origins in mythologies (e.g., the Luna moth, nymphs, arachnids, the Cyclops copepod). I shared this with the language arts teacher (who did a unit on mythology) and we both encouraged her to pursue this interest. She shared a journal in which she kept her notes on the subject. She had an intrinsic “extra interest” rather than a need for extrinsic bonus points.

Photo: http://www.flickr.com/photos/daviddmuir/1410227652/sizes/m/in/photostream/

http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1328/1410227652_e0f5cf7f0e.jpg

I recently talked with a high school senior who wants to become an elementary teacher. “Working with younger students, one thing I won’t have to think about is technology,” she said. She certainly has some misconceptions about elementary students! I thought about her as I read this issue of Science and Children and the examples of young students using technology for many tasks and in many contexts.

Space and technology seem to go hand in hand. To the Moon and Back show how students in Grades 2 and 3 used the Starry Night resource to gather data on phases of the moon and look for patterns and develop questions. The article includes a rubric, an example of a student journal entry, and a discussion of other technology application on the topic, including iPad/iPhone apps and online simulations. [SciLinks: Moon Phases]

The authors of Caught on Video use videos to document student projects. Students were both the subjects and the videographers as they demonstrated their work. The article has suggestions for incorporating more local videos in instruction. [SciLinks: Engineering Structures]

“No child left inside” could be the subtitle for Trail Blazers. The article describes a project in which 4^th-graders created field guides (on iPods) for the school’s nature trail. Starting with a site study, they also created kits for teachers to use with students to study weather on the trail. [SciLinks: Identifying Trees, Nature]

What technology (if any) is appropriate for primary students? Harness Your Tech Side includes resources from the NAEYC on technology integration in the younger grades and a lesson plan on using technology to create a class book. Smart Boards Rock has pictures of students (not the teacher) at the board, manipulating objects and words. [SciLinks: Rocks]

Virtual Inquiry Experiences incorporated technology into a study of pond insects. Students shared their specimens with scientists who shared (through videoconferencing) the use of an electron microscope—quite an experience for these young students. Another option for younger students as described in Time for Slime, is a digital microscope connected to a projector. The pictures of students show the benefits of  the large projected images. The formative assessment probe Representing Microscopic Life looks at student conceptions and misconceptions about microscope pond organisms. [SciLinks: Microscopes, Insects, Protozoa]

Classroom communications is changing, too. Not an Unfeasible “Extra” shows how students in 4^th grade are blogging about their science learning. The teacher-author offers suggestions for starting a blogging project and a rubric to assess the blog content. In Turtles and Technology, other 4^th graders took on a challenge to protect and advocate for an endangered species. They raised turtles to release in the wild used a variety of technology (blogging, producing videos, creating webpages, and even developing an online game) to inform the community of threats to the turtles.

After reading and reflecting on these articles, future elementary teachers have a lot to look forward to, with students who are very comfortable with technology. Secondary teachers have a lot to look forward to, also, as younger students become more familiar with technology as a tool for learning, communicating, and creating.

Several other articles have SciLinks connections: One Hungry Dinosaur  [SciLinks: Dinosaurs] and Simple Machines [SciLinks: Simple Machines] And check out more Connections for this issue (December 2011). Even if the article does not quite fit with your lesson agenda, there are ideas for handouts, background information sheets, data sheets, rubrics, and other resources.

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Why is it that the earth sciences bring out the lifelong learner in people? We spend time stargazing at night, watching the weather channels, learning about geologic features at national and state parks, reading about topics such as climate change and prehistoric events, and wondering when (and where) the next earthquake, tsunami, or volcanic eruption will occur. And yet, for many students, their experiences in elementary and middle school are the capstone of any formal classes in the earth sciences. In high schools, earth science is often an elective (if it’s on the schedule at all). So hats off to all teachers who spark an interest in lifelong learning in this branch of science, including the authors featured in this issue!

As I was growing up, my family had an interest in geography. Most get-togethers usually included someone digging out an atlas to look something up. If Google Earth had been around in those days, we would have never left the dinner table! Three articles in this issue illustrate how web-based mapping projects can spark and build on student interest: Dynamic Lessons with Google Earth, Global Environmental Issues, and Teaching with Current Events. Investigating Continental Margins uses the GeoMapApp to compare and contrast the East, West, and Gulf coasts of North America. [SciLinks: Mapping]

Krakatoa Erupts! takes an interdisciplinary approach to capitalize on student interest in volcanoes. By studying a historic event, student can correct misconceptions and ask their own questions about volcanic eruptions. A rubric is provided (actually the rubric is not specific to this project and can generalized to other inquiry activities). [SciLinks: Volcanoes, Volcanic Eruptions, Volcanic Zones, Ring of Fire]

The authors of Going Underground describe how to help students learn about groundwater and karst systems with both field studies and classroom simulations [SciLinks: Water Cycle, Caverns (and Karst Topography), Groundwater]

The earthquake centered in Virginia last summer dispelled the misconception that these seismic events happen only on the west coast of the North America or elsewhere in the Pacific region. The activities described in Its YOUR Fault can help students understand concepts in seismology such as faults, fault zones, and tectonic boundaries by studying historic data and using current monitoring tools.  [SciLinks: Earthquakes, Seismographs, Tectonic Plates, Plate Boundaries]

Although Color Code is not directly related to earth science, the activities help to dispel common misconceptions. In this case, misconceptions related to heredity and inherited traits, using hair color as an example. Although students would have to consider that for many people, their hair color has been altered chemically! [SciLinks Genotype/Phenotype, Pedigrees, Genes and Traits]

Don’t forget to look at the Connections for this issue (December 2011). Even if the article does not quite fit with your lesson agenda, this resource has ideas for handouts, background information sheets, data sheets, rubrics, etc.